{"dataType": "CVE_RECORD", "dataVersion": "5.1", "cveMetadata": {"state": "PUBLISHED", "cveId": "CVE-2021-37701", "assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa", "assignerShortName": "GitHub_M", "dateUpdated": "2024-08-04T01:23:01.526Z", "dateReserved": "2021-07-29T00:00:00", "datePublished": "2021-08-31T00:00:00"}, "containers": {"cna": {"title": "Arbitrary File Creation/Overwrite via insufficient symlink protection due to directory cache poisoning using symbolic links", "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa", "shortName": "GitHub_M", "dateUpdated": "2022-12-12T00:00:00"}, "descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "value": "The npm package \"tar\" (aka node-tar) before versions 4.4.16, 5.0.8, and 6.1.7 has an arbitrary file creation/overwrite and arbitrary code execution vulnerability. node-tar aims to guarantee that any file whose location would be modified by a symbolic link is not extracted. This is, in part, achieved by ensuring that extracted directories are not symlinks. Additionally, in order to prevent unnecessary stat calls to determine whether a given path is a directory, paths are cached when directories are created. This logic was insufficient when extracting tar files that contained both a directory and a symlink with the same name as the directory, where the symlink and directory names in the archive entry used backslashes as a path separator on posix systems. The cache checking logic used both `\\` and `/` characters as path separators, however `\\` is a valid filename character on posix systems. By first creating a directory, and then replacing that directory with a symlink, it was thus possible to bypass node-tar symlink checks on directories, essentially allowing an untrusted tar file to symlink into an arbitrary location and subsequently extracting arbitrary files into that location, thus allowing arbitrary file creation and overwrite. Additionally, a similar confusion could arise on case-insensitive filesystems. If a tar archive contained a directory at `FOO`, followed by a symbolic link named `foo`, then on case-insensitive file systems, the creation of the symbolic link would remove the directory from the filesystem, but _not_ from the internal directory cache, as it would not be treated as a cache hit. A subsequent file entry within the `FOO` directory would then be placed in the target of the symbolic link, thinking that the directory had already been created. These issues were addressed in releases 4.4.16, 5.0.8 and 6.1.7. The v3 branch of node-tar has been deprecated and did not receive patches for these issues. If you are still using a v3 release we recommend you update to a more recent version of node-tar. If this is not possible, a workaround is available in the referenced GHSA-9r2w-394v-53qc."}], "affected": [{"vendor": "npm", "product": "node-tar", "versions": [{"version": "< 4.4.16", "status": "affected"}, {"version": ">= 5.0.0, < 5.0.8", "status": "affected"}, {"version": ">= 6.0.0, < 6.1.7", "status": "affected"}]}], "references": [{"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/package/tar"}, {"url": "https://github.com/npm/node-tar/security/advisories/GHSA-9r2w-394v-53qc"}, {"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuoct2021.html"}, {"name": "DSA-5008", "tags": ["vendor-advisory"], "url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2021/dsa-5008"}, {"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-389290.pdf"}, {"name": "[debian-lts-announce] 20221212 [SECURITY] [DLA 3237-1] node-tar security update", "tags": ["mailing-list"], "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2022/12/msg00023.html"}], "metrics": [{"cvssV3_1": {"version": "3.1", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "userInteraction": "REQUIRED", "scope": "CHANGED", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "baseScore": 8.2, "baseSeverity": "HIGH"}}], "problemTypes": [{"descriptions": [{"type": "CWE", "lang": "en", "description": "CWE-22: Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')", "cweId": "CWE-22"}]}, {"descriptions": [{"type": "CWE", "lang": "en", "description": "CWE-59: Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')", "cweId": "CWE-59"}]}], "source": {"advisory": "GHSA-9r2w-394v-53qc", "discovery": "UNKNOWN"}}, "adp": [{"providerMetadata": {"orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "shortName": "CVE", "dateUpdated": "2024-08-04T01:23:01.526Z"}, "title": "CVE Program Container", "references": [{"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/package/tar", "tags": ["x_transferred"]}, {"url": "https://github.com/npm/node-tar/security/advisories/GHSA-9r2w-394v-53qc", "tags": ["x_transferred"]}, {"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuoct2021.html", "tags": ["x_transferred"]}, {"name": "DSA-5008", "tags": ["vendor-advisory", "x_transferred"], "url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2021/dsa-5008"}, {"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-389290.pdf", "tags": ["x_transferred"]}, {"name": "[debian-lts-announce] 20221212 [SECURITY] [DLA 3237-1] node-tar security update", "tags": ["mailing-list", "x_transferred"], "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2022/12/msg00023.html"}]}]}}

{}

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This is, in part, achieved by ensuring that extracted directories are not symlinks. Additionally, in order to prevent unnecessary stat calls to determine whether a given path is a directory, paths are cached when directories are created. This logic was insufficient when extracting tar files that contained both a directory and a symlink with the same name as the directory, where the symlink and directory names in the archive entry used backslashes as a path separator on posix systems. The cache checking logic used both `\\` and `/` characters as path separators, however `\\` is a valid filename character on posix systems. By first creating a directory, and then replacing that directory with a symlink, it was thus possible to bypass node-tar symlink checks on directories, essentially allowing an untrusted tar file to symlink into an arbitrary location and subsequently extracting arbitrary files into that location, thus allowing arbitrary file creation and overwrite. Additionally, a similar confusion could arise on case-insensitive filesystems. If a tar archive contained a directory at `FOO`, followed by a symbolic link named `foo`, then on case-insensitive file systems, the creation of the symbolic link would remove the directory from the filesystem, but _not_ from the internal directory cache, as it would not be treated as a cache hit. A subsequent file entry within the `FOO` directory would then be placed in the target of the symbolic link, thinking that the directory had already been created. These issues were addressed in releases 4.4.16, 5.0.8 and 6.1.7. The v3 branch of node-tar has been deprecated and did not receive patches for these issues. If you are still using a v3 release we recommend you update to a more recent version of node-tar. If this is not possible, a workaround is available in the referenced GHSA-9r2w-394v-53qc."}, {"lang": "es", "value": "El paquete npm \"tar\" (tambi\u00e9n se conoce como node-tar) versiones anteriores a 4.4.16, 5.0.8 y 6.1.7, presenta una vulnerabilidad de creaci\u00f3n y escritura excesiva de archivos arbitrarios y de ejecuci\u00f3n de c\u00f3digo arbitrario. node-tar pretende garantizar que no se extraiga ning\u00fan archivo cuya ubicaci\u00f3n ser\u00eda modificada por un enlace simb\u00f3lico. Esto es conseguido, en parte, asegurando que los directorios extra\u00eddos no sean enlaces simb\u00f3licos. Adem\u00e1s, para evitar llamadas innecesarias a las estad\u00edsticas para determinar si una ruta dada es un directorio, las rutas son almacenadas en cach\u00e9 cuando los directorios son creados. Esta l\u00f3gica era insuficiente cuando se extra\u00edan archivos tar que conten\u00edan tanto un directorio como un enlace simb\u00f3lico con el mismo nombre que el directorio, donde los nombres de los enlaces simb\u00f3licos y de los directorios en la entrada del archivo usaban barras invertidas como separador de rutas en los sistemas posix. La l\u00f3gica de comprobaci\u00f3n de la cach\u00e9 usaba tanto los caracteres \"\\\" como \"/\" como separadores de ruta, sin embargo \"\\\" es un car\u00e1cter de nombre de archivo v\u00e1lido en los sistemas posix. Al crear primero un directorio, y luego sustituyendo ese directorio por un enlace simb\u00f3lico, era posible omitir las comprobaciones de enlaces simb\u00f3licos de node-tar en los directorios, permitiendo esencialmente que un archivo tar no confiable hiciera un enlace simb\u00f3lico en una ubicaci\u00f3n arbitraria y que posteriormente extrajera archivos arbitrarios en esa ubicaci\u00f3n, permitiendo as\u00ed la creaci\u00f3n y escritura excesiva arbitraria de archivos. Adem\u00e1s, una confusi\u00f3n similar podr\u00eda surgir en los sistemas de archivos que no distinguen entre may\u00fasculas y min\u00fasculas. Si un archivo tar contiene un directorio en \"FOO\", seguido de un enlace simb\u00f3lico llamado \"foo\", entonces en los sistemas de archivos no sensibles a las may\u00fasculas y min\u00fasculas, la creaci\u00f3n del enlace simb\u00f3lico eliminar\u00eda el directorio del sistema de archivos, pero no de la cach\u00e9 interna de directorios, ya que no se tratar\u00eda como un golpe de cach\u00e9. Una entrada de archivo posterior dentro del directorio \"FOO\" se colocar\u00eda entonces en el objetivo del enlace simb\u00f3lico, pensando que el directorio ya hab\u00eda sido creado. Estos problemas se han solucionado en las versiones 4.4.16, 5.0.8 y 6.1.7. La rama v3 de node-tar ha quedado obsoleta y no ha recibido parches para estos problemas. Si todav\u00eda est\u00e1 usando una versi\u00f3n v3, le recomendamos que actualice a una versi\u00f3n m\u00e1s reciente de node-tar. Si esto no es posible, hay una soluci\u00f3n disponible en la referencia GHSA-9r2w-394v-53qc"}], "id": "CVE-2021-37701", "lastModified": "2024-11-21T06:15:44.403", "metrics": {"cvssMetricV2": [{"acInsufInfo": false, "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM", "cvssData": {"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM", "accessVector": "LOCAL", "authentication": "NONE", "availabilityImpact": "PARTIAL", "baseScore": 4.4, "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL", "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL", "vectorString": "AV:L/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P", "version": "2.0"}, "exploitabilityScore": 3.4, "impactScore": 6.4, "obtainAllPrivilege": false, "obtainOtherPrivilege": false, "obtainUserPrivilege": false, "source": "nvd@nist.gov", "type": "Primary", "userInteractionRequired": true}], "cvssMetricV31": [{"cvssData": {"attackComplexity": "LOW", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "NONE", "baseScore": 8.2, "baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "scope": "CHANGED", "userInteraction": "REQUIRED", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N", "version": "3.1"}, "exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "impactScore": 5.8, "source": "security-advisories@github.com", "type": "Secondary"}, {"cvssData": {"attackComplexity": "LOW", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 8.6, "baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "scope": "CHANGED", "userInteraction": "REQUIRED", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1"}, "exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "impactScore": 6.0, "source": "nvd@nist.gov", "type": "Primary"}]}, "published": "2021-08-31T17:15:07.963", "references": [{"source": "security-advisories@github.com", "tags": ["Patch", "Third Party Advisory"], "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-389290.pdf"}, {"source": "security-advisories@github.com", "tags": ["Patch", "Third Party Advisory"], "url": "https://github.com/npm/node-tar/security/advisories/GHSA-9r2w-394v-53qc"}, {"source": "security-advisories@github.com", "tags": ["Mailing List", "Third Party Advisory"], "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2022/12/msg00023.html"}, {"source": "security-advisories@github.com", "tags": ["Third Party Advisory"], "url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2021/dsa-5008"}, {"source": "security-advisories@github.com", "tags": ["Product", "Third Party Advisory"], "url": "https://www.npmjs.com/package/tar"}, {"source": "security-advisories@github.com", "tags": ["Patch", "Third Party Advisory"], "url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuoct2021.html"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "tags": ["Patch", "Third Party Advisory"], "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-389290.pdf"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "tags": ["Patch", "Third Party Advisory"], "url": "https://github.com/npm/node-tar/security/advisories/GHSA-9r2w-394v-53qc"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "tags": ["Mailing List", "Third Party Advisory"], "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2022/12/msg00023.html"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "tags": ["Third Party Advisory"], "url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2021/dsa-5008"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "tags": ["Product", "Third Party Advisory"], "url": "https://www.npmjs.com/package/tar"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "tags": ["Patch", "Third Party Advisory"], "url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuoct2021.html"}], "sourceIdentifier": "security-advisories@github.com", "vulnStatus": "Modified", "weaknesses": [{"description": [{"lang": "en", "value": "CWE-22"}, {"lang": "en", "value": "CWE-59"}], "source": "security-advisories@github.com", "type": "Secondary"}, {"description": [{"lang": "en", "value": "CWE-59"}], "source": "nvd@nist.gov", "type": "Secondary"}]}

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RHEL-8", "release_date": "2021-12-13T00:00:00Z"}, {"advisory": "RHSA-2021:5086", "cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.9::el8", "package": "odf4/odr-hub-operator-bundle:4.9.0-5", "product_name": "Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation 4.9.0 on RHEL-8", "release_date": "2021-12-13T00:00:00Z"}, {"advisory": "RHSA-2021:5086", "cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.9::el8", "package": "odf4/odr-rhel8-operator:4.9-27.3d037cc.release_4.9", "product_name": "Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation 4.9.0 on RHEL-8", "release_date": "2021-12-13T00:00:00Z"}, {"advisory": "RHSA-2021:5086", "cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.9::el8", "package": "odf4/rook-ceph-rhel8-operator:4.9-219.c3f67c6.release_4.9", "product_name": "Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation 4.9.0 on RHEL-8", "release_date": "2021-12-13T00:00:00Z"}, {"advisory": "RHSA-2021:5086", "cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.9::el8", "package": "odf4/volume-replication-rhel8-operator:4.9-28.82f68db.release_4.9", "product_name": "Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation 4.9.0 on RHEL-8", "release_date": "2021-12-13T00:00:00Z"}, {"advisory": "RHSA-2021:5086", "cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4.9::el8", "package": "odf/odf-multicluster-rhel8-operator:4.9-30.007b3d8.release_4.9", "product_name": "Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation 4.9.0 on RHEL-8", "release_date": "2021-12-13T00:00:00Z"}, {"advisory": "RHSA-2022:0041", "cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_software_collections:3::el7", "package": "rh-nodejs14-nodejs-0:14.18.2-1.el7", "product_name": "Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7", "release_date": "2022-01-06T00:00:00Z"}, {"advisory": "RHSA-2022:0041", "cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_software_collections:3::el7", "package": "rh-nodejs14-nodejs-nodemon-0:2.0.3-6.el7", "product_name": "Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7", "release_date": "2022-01-06T00:00:00Z"}, {"advisory": "RHSA-2022:4914", "cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_software_collections:3::el7", "package": "rh-nodejs12-nodejs-0:12.22.12-2.el7", "product_name": "Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7", "release_date": "2022-06-06T00:00:00Z"}], "bugzilla": {"description": "nodejs-tar: Insufficient symlink protection due to directory cache poisoning using symbolic links allowing arbitrary file creation and overwrite", "id": "1999731", "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1999731"}, "csaw": false, "cvss3": {"cvss3_base_score": "8.1", "cvss3_scoring_vector": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H", "status": "verified"}, "cwe": "CWE-59->CWE-22", "details": ["The npm package \"tar\" (aka node-tar) before versions 4.4.16, 5.0.8, and 6.1.7 has an arbitrary file creation/overwrite and arbitrary code execution vulnerability. node-tar aims to guarantee that any file whose location would be modified by a symbolic link is not extracted. This is, in part, achieved by ensuring that extracted directories are not symlinks. Additionally, in order to prevent unnecessary stat calls to determine whether a given path is a directory, paths are cached when directories are created. This logic was insufficient when extracting tar files that contained both a directory and a symlink with the same name as the directory, where the symlink and directory names in the archive entry used backslashes as a path separator on posix systems. The cache checking logic used both `\\` and `/` characters as path separators, however `\\` is a valid filename character on posix systems. By first creating a directory, and then replacing that directory with a symlink, it was thus possible to bypass node-tar symlink checks on directories, essentially allowing an untrusted tar file to symlink into an arbitrary location and subsequently extracting arbitrary files into that location, thus allowing arbitrary file creation and overwrite. Additionally, a similar confusion could arise on case-insensitive filesystems. If a tar archive contained a directory at `FOO`, followed by a symbolic link named `foo`, then on case-insensitive file systems, the creation of the symbolic link would remove the directory from the filesystem, but _not_ from the internal directory cache, as it would not be treated as a cache hit. A subsequent file entry within the `FOO` directory would then be placed in the target of the symbolic link, thinking that the directory had already been created. These issues were addressed in releases 4.4.16, 5.0.8 and 6.1.7. The v3 branch of node-tar has been deprecated and did not receive patches for these issues. If you are still using a v3 release we recommend you update to a more recent version of node-tar. If this is not possible, a workaround is available in the referenced GHSA-9r2w-394v-53qc.", "A flaw was found in the npm package \"tar\" (aka node-tar). Extracting tar files that contain both a directory and a symlink with the same name, where the symlink and directory names in the archive entry used backslashes as a path separator, made it possible to bypass node-tar symlink checks on directories. This flaw allows an untrusted tar file to extract and overwrite files into an arbitrary location. A similar confusion can arise on case-insensitive filesystems. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to integrity and system availability."], "name": "CVE-2021-37701", "package_state": [{"cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:2.0", "fix_state": "Will not fix", "package_name": "servicemesh-grafana", "product_name": "OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:2.0", "fix_state": "Will not fix", "package_name": "servicemesh-prometheus", "product_name": "OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:red_hat_3scale_amp:2", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "impact": "low", "package_name": "system", "product_name": "Red Hat 3scale API Management Platform 2"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "rhacm2/application-ui-rhel8", "product_name": "Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2", "fix_state": "Will not fix", "package_name": "rhacm2/console-header-rhel8", "product_name": "Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2", "fix_state": "Will not fix", "package_name": "rhacm2/console-rhel8", "product_name": "Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "rhacm2/console-ui-rhel8", "product_name": "Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "rhacm2/grc-ui-rhel8", "product_name": "Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "rhacm2/kui-web-terminal-rhel8", "product_name": "Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2", "fix_state": "Will not fix", "package_name": "rhacm2/mcm-topology-rhel8", "product_name": "Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2", "fix_state": "Will not fix", "package_name": "rhacm2/search-ui-rhel8", "product_name": "Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "nodejs:16/nodejs", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "nodejs", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_fuse:7", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "tar-pack", "product_name": "Red Hat Fuse 7"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4", "fix_state": "Will not fix", "package_name": "openshift4/ose-grafana", "product_name": "Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_container_storage:4", "fix_state": "Affected", "package_name": "ocs4/mcg-core-rhel8", "product_name": "Red Hat Openshift Container Storage 4"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_distributed_tracing:2", "fix_state": "Affected", "package_name": "rhosdt/jaeger-all-in-one-rhel8", "product_name": "Red Hat OpenShift distributed tracing 2"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_gitops:1", "fix_state": "Affected", "package_name": "openshift-gitops-1/argocd-rhel8", "product_name": "Red Hat OpenShift GitOps"}], "public_date": "2021-08-31T00:00:00Z", "references": ["https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2021-37701\nhttps://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-37701\nhttps://github.com/npm/node-tar/security/advisories/GHSA-9r2w-394v-53qc\nhttps://www.npmjs.com/advisories/1779"], "statement": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux version 8 and Red Hat Software Collection both embed `node-tar` in the npm command. However, npm explicitly prevents the extraction of symlink via a filter. npm might still be affected via node-gyp, if the attacker is able to control the target URL.", "threat_severity": "Moderate"}